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The health condition characterized by excessive production of adrenal cortisol is Cushing's syndrome. This syndrome arises from an overproduction of cortisol, which can result from various factors such as adrenal tumors, pituitary gland disorders leading to increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), or ectopic ACTH production from tumors outside the pituitary. Symptoms typically include weight gain, central obesity, thinning skin, easy bruising, and a variety of metabolic changes.

In contrast, Addison's disease is associated with insufficient production of cortisol due to adrenal insufficiency, while hyperaldosteronism involves excess production of aldosterone, a hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels rather than cortisol. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder leading to hyperthyroidism and does not directly relate to cortisol production. Thus, Cushing's syndrome distinctly represents the condition of interest regarding excessive adrenal cortisol production.